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dopamine-2 receptor antagonist Given the importance of cyste
2019-11-06

Given the importance of cysteine cathepsin inhibitors as putative therapeutic molecules and microbial virulence factors, we chose to investigate whether Yersinia enterocolitica may be a potent producer of such inhibitors. Y. enterocolitica is the most heterogeneous species within the genus Yersinia.
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van Linden et al developed a comprehensive
2019-11-06

van Linden et al. developed a comprehensive guide that describes drug and ligand binding to more than 1200 human and mouse protein kinase domains [77]. Their KLIFS (kinase–ligand interaction fingerprint and structure) directory includes an alignment of 85 potential ligand binding-site residues occur
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Tropical theileriosis is caused by the apicomplexan parasite
2019-11-06

Tropical theileriosis is caused by the apicomplexan parasite Theileria annulata which is transmitted by a tick vector from the genus Hyalomma in cattle (Echebli et al., 2014, Li et al., 2014). Theileria parasites invade the leukocytes by sporozoites secreted from the vector, schizonts mature into me
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There have been reports regarding the use of enolases
2019-11-06

There have been reports regarding the use of enolases as novel vaccine candidates for A. suum, S. suis, T. pisiformis and T. multiceps on account of this enzyme class\'s critical role in plasminogen activation and migration across tissue barriers (Chen et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2009; Zhang et al.,
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Herbal products may alter the metabolism
2019-11-06

Herbal products may alter the metabolism of certain drugs and, likewise, the metabolism of components of herbal products may be altered by some drugs, specifically those that affect cytochrome P450 dextromethorphan hydrobromide mg (CYP). These can bring about an alteration of the pharmacokinetics a
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Environmental cues such as microbial
2019-11-06

Environmental cues, such as microbial, dietary, and neuronal signals, regulate the differentiation and function of ILC3s. However, the identities of any additional cues and the receptors that detect them remain unknown. An important class of proteins enabling cells to sense extracellular cues are G-
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br Ubiquitylation of the TGF
2019-11-06

Ubiquitylation of the TGFβ/BMP pathway components Ubiquitylation is a reversible post-translational modification that is essential in many cellular regulatory mechanisms [20], [21]. During the ubiquitylation cascade, ubiquitin is attached to target proteins through the concerted actions of an E1-
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The mechanism by which these HIV PIs impair skeletal muscle
2019-11-06

The mechanism by which these HIV-PIs impair skeletal muscle palmitate transport and oxidation has been partially elucidated. CD36 (also referred to as fatty MLN2238 australia translocase; FAT) is a transmembrane protein involved in the transport of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) across cellular memb
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The estrogen receptor ER dependent signaling pathway plays
2019-11-05

The estrogen receptor(ER)-dependent signaling pathway plays an important role in bone metabolism by restoring the balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption [21]. ER has two major isoforms, ERalpha (ER-α) and ERbeta (ER-β), which mediate the effect of estrogen and o
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In the growth of cereal seeds there
2019-11-05

In the growth of cereal seeds there are two phases, development and germination, separated by dormancy. The developmental phase contains the three following stages: 1. early development including double fertilization which results in the formation of the diploid embryo (by fusion of the egg cell wit
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Regarding the effects of CRF
2019-11-05

Regarding the effects of CRF on anxiety, Sahuque et al. (2006) have demonstrated that this neuropeptide also enhances anxiety when injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a PU-H71 australia structure that has also been related to defensive behavior (Casada and Dafny, 1991, Che
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br Introduction Vein graft implantation into the arterial en
2019-11-05

Introduction Vein graft implantation into the arterial environment for surgical bypass is the gold standard to treat severe cardiovascular occlusive disease. After placement of a vein into the higher pressure, flow, and oxygen tension of the arterial circulation, the vein adapts to the arterial e
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Direct coupling between DNA methyltransferase enzymes
2019-11-05

Direct coupling between DNA methyltransferase enzymes and posttranslational modifications on histone proteins has been observed in mammals. For example, DNMT3A recognizes unmodified H3 through an ATRX-DNMT3-DNMT3L (ADD) domain, and its activity is inhibited by methylation of H3 at K4 (Li et al., 20
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Several studies have demonstrated that Syn
2019-11-05

Several studies have demonstrated that αSyn specifically associates with lipid rafts (Cole et al., 2002), raising the possibility that the perturbation of rafts can affect the aggregation and phosphorylation of αSyn (Fortin et al., 2004). Schneider et al. (2010) described the potential involvement o
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br Experimental Procedures br Author Contributions br
2019-11-05

Experimental Procedures Author Contributions Acknowledgments Introduction Germinal centers (GCs) form in secondary lymphoid organs of vertebrates in response to challenge with T-cell-dependent antigens. After extrafollicular and follicular interactions with cognate antigen and T helper c
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